1. These receptors react to foods treated with monosodium glutamate
A) Salt
B) Sour
C) Bitter
D) Sweet
E) Umami

2. The receptors of the fovea centralis are specialized for:
a. seeing color
b. smelling amino acids
c. tasting bitter
d. feeling light touch
e. feeling deep touch

3. What type of cells would you find in the fovea centralis?
A) Meissner’s corpuscles
B) olfactory bulbs
C) myelinated axons of motor neurons
D) taste buds sensitive to sweet and sour
E) cone photoreceptors

4. Which bone of the middle ear connects to the oval window?
a. malleus
b. incus
c. stapes
d. cochlea
e. vestibule

5. What is NOT true regarding the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?
A) Any type of dehydration stimulates secretion of ADH
B) Oxytocin stimulates release of milk from the mammary glands
C) The hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced by the thalamus, not the pituitary
D) The target organs of ADH are the kidneys

6. What is the process of regulation called when a gland produces a hormone that affects itself?
A. Endocrine
b. Exocrine
c. Autocrine
d. Paracrine
e. Antagonistic

7. The hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system interacts chemically between which two organs?
A) Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary
B) Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary
C) Hypothalamus and Thalamus
D) Hypothalamus and Thyroid
E) Hypothalamus and Parathyroid

8. Which endocrine gland produces the hormone that, when deficient during puberty, causes dwarfism?
A) Adrenal cortex
B) Parathyroid
C) Anterior pituitary
D) Thyroid
E) Posterior pituitary

9. This muscle has intercalated disks that spread action potentials from one cell to another
a. smooth muscle
b. cardiac muscle
c. skeletal muscle
d. all of the above

10. A “muscle fiber” is:
a. a group of muscle cells bound together
b. a single muscle cell
c. a bundle of actin and myosin filaments within a muscle cell
d. a single actin or myosin filament

11. What is the next step when calcium ions enter the axon terminal of a neuromuscular junction?
a. myosin will bind to actin and form cross bridges
b. vesicles of acetylcholine will be drawn to the membrane
c. calcium ions will be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. an action potential will spread down T-tubules
e. acetylcholine will bind to receptors and open ion channels

12. You prepare a microscope slide comparing skeletal muscle cells at different stages of contraction. You observe that:
a. the Z-lines always stay the same distance from each other
b. the A-band does not change length
c. the I-band gets longer as the muscle contracts
d. the only thing that gets shorter is the H-band
e. all of the above

13. Each myosin filament is surrounded by _______ actin filaments.
a. two
b. four
c. six
d. eight
e. seven

14. What kind of filament does most of the work?
a. pyeloris
b. actin
c. myosin
d. messenteric
e. omentum

15. Why do we continue to breathe deeply after strenuous exercise?
a. for more oxygen
b. nerves are still stimulated
c. being out of breath
d. muscle wasting
e. to remove accumulated lactic acid

16. The muscles of a body builder are:
a. mainly slow-twitch muscles
b. mainly fast-twitch muscles
c. roughly half slow-twitch and half fast-twitch muscles
d. darker in color than a marathon runner’s muscles

17. A marathon runner has:
a. a problem with his brain
b. mainly slow-twitch muscles
c. mainly fast-twitch muscles
d. fewer capillaries per area of muscle compared to a body builder

18. The hair cells at the beginning of the cochlea are stimulated by?
a. spinning rapidly
b. gravity
c. low frequency sounds
d. linear acceleration
e. high frequency sounds

19. A tonic receptor is one that:
a. continues transmitting action potentials as long as a stimulus is present
b. allows the brain to know the position of body parts
c. causes muscle fibers to twitch in order to maintain body heat and muscle tone
d. quickly gets used to a stimulus and stops sending a signal
e. responds to both bitter and sour

20. The pineal gland mostly affects:
a. circadian rhythm
b. growth
c. blood sugar regulation
d. sodium and potassium balance
e. short-term stress reaction

21. After going down the esophagus, food enters the stomach, which is ________ muscle.
a. Striated
b. Smooth
c. Skeletal
d. Cardiac

22. Lactic acid is made with the products of:
a. glycolysis
b. Krebs cycle
c. transition reaction
d. electron transport chain
e. aerobic respiration

23. Kevin starts hitting the gym every night so he can impress his wife with his bulging biceps. What will cause the increase in muscle size?
a. Kevin will grow more muscle cells in his biceps
b. Individual muscle cells will develop additional myofibrils
c. Myofibrils will increase in size by adding actin and myosin filaments
d. Both B) and C)
e. All of the above

24. When describing myofibrils, which statement is TRUE?
a. Myofibrils are very short, and several are stacked end to end along the length of a muscle cell
b. “Myofibril” is the name given to a muscle cell
c. Myofibrils have hundreds to thousands of sarcomeres along their length
d. Myofibrils are the primary storage site for calcium ions in the muscle cell
e. Myofibrils are the thick filaments that pull thin filaments towards the center of a sarcomere

25. When ATP binds to myosin it will:
a. release from actin and “cock” its head
b. deliver a power stroke and pull actin the actin filament
c. use the energy to bind to actin
d. push tropomyosin out of the way of the binding site
e. cause release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum