PHYSIOLOGY OF THE KIDNEYS

1. The hormone that directly increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys is:
*a. ADH
b. aldosterone
c. PTH
d. ANP

2.While reading a blood test I notice a high level of creatinine, I could assume from this that
a. There is a possibility of a UTI
b.There is a possibility of diabetes
*c. There is a possibility of kidney failure
d. There is nothing wrong, this is normal

3.Direct control of water excretion in the kidneys is controlled by
*a. Anti-diuretic hormone
b. The medulla oblongata
c. Blood plasma
d. Sodium amounts in the blood

4. What type of specialized junction connects epithelial cells lining the renal tubules?
a. gap junctions
*b. tight junctions
c. desmosomes
d. intercalated disks
e. slit pores

5. What are the most common infections acquired in a hospital?
a. Staphylococcus
b. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
c. Urinary tract infection
*d. both A and C
e. None of the above

6.What are some of the main differences between the male and female urinary systems?
a. Length of the Urethra
b. Distance between the openings of the Urethra and the anus
c.Type of skin lining the Urethra
d All of the above
*e. a and b

7. The external urethral sphincter is....
*a. Voluntary
b. involuntary
c. none existent
d. a very weak muscle

8.What is the minimum amount of urine the body needs to produce a day to be able to excrete
metabolic waste products?
a. 700 mL
*b. 200 mL
c. 400 mL
d. none of the above

9. Most reabsorption of water and solutes occurs in the:
*a. proximal tubule.
b. descending limb of the loop of Henle.
c. ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
d. distal tubule.
e. collecting duct.

10. The kidneys perform the following:
a. regulation of plasma ionic composition.
b. regulation of plasma volume.
c. regulation of plasma osmolarity.
d. removal of metabolic waste products.
*e. all of the above

11. BUN test stands for:
a. Bones Urine Nickle
b. Blood Urine Nitrogen
*c. Blood Urea Nitrogen
d. Belly Underwear Nickleback
e. Bones Urea Nitrogen

12. The function of the loop of the nephron in the process of urine formation is
*a. reabsorption of water.
b. production of filtrate.
c. reabsorption of solutes.
d. secretion of solutes.

13. Which of the following materials would not normally be filtered from the blood at the
glomerulus?
a. water
b. glucose
c. sodium ions
d. urea
*e. protein

14. By what process are most molecules secreted from the blood into the tubule?
a. osmosis
b. diffusion
*c. active transport
d. facilitated diffusion

15. The presence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) causes an individual to excrete
a. sugars
*b. less water
c. more water
d. Both a and c

16. About 65% of the glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed in?
*a. the proximal tubule
b. the distal tubule
c. the loop of henle
d. the collecting duct

17. The appearances of glucose in the urine
a. occurs normally
b. indicates the presence of kidney disease
*c. occurs only when the transport carriers for glucose become saturated
d. is a result of hypoglycemia

18. Reabsorption of water through the tubules occurs by?
*a. osmosis
b. active transport
c. facilitated diffusion
d. all of the above

19. After my physical my physician told me I needed to drink more water. To be a compliant patient, I drank three 16 ounce bottles of H2O. After some time I felt the urge to urinate. Thanks to my handy dandy physiology book I know that the part of the urinary bladder that actually eliminates the urine is the:
*a. detrusor muscle
b. trigone
c. rugae
d. transitional epithelium

20. Creatinine is a nitrogenous waste product that comes from energy metabolism in:
a. the brain
b. the liver
c. the lungs
*d. the muscles

21. If the body is becoming too alkaline, the kidneys will excrete more of these ions in urine:
a. calcium ions
*b. bicarbonate ions
c. hydrogen ions
d. potassium ions

22. High serum levels in the urine that makes the urine dark red, or cola colored and causes muscle pain are symptoms of....
a. heart failure
b. incontinence
*c. rhabdomyolosis
d. acute mountain sickness
e. Ondine's curse